Khao Yai National Park was the first
to be established in 1962 and is part of a World Heritage
site, both of which give a strong hint as to the quality of
the habitat at this location, and at 2168 square kilometres
this park is also one of the largest in Thailand.
Seasonal evergreen forest is the dominant habitat here but
there are also areas of hill evergreen forest and expanses
of grassland. An extensive system of trails means that there
is plenty of opportunity to explore the forest and look for
wildlife, although many of the trails are in a poor state.
The trails were originally elephant tracks, and Khao Yai is
one of the best places in South-East Asia to see these fantastic
animals and with this extensive area of habitat many species
of birds can be found too. To fully appreciate the birdlife
at least two or three days should be spent exploring.
On the down side, this National Park is extremely popular
and gets ridiculously busy at weekends and holidays; camping
during these times can be a very unpleasant experience due
to overcorwding and noise, so visits should be timed to avoid
these; in fact the park can be quite busy even during the
week and traffic is often too persistent to bird along the
roads. It is also a sad fact that there nearly always seems
to be some development project threatening the quality of
this location, in the past these have included a perimeter
road, dams and, frequently, tourist development with lazy
and clueless national park staff ingoring, and often the direct
cause of, pollution, speeding, noisy vehicles and habitat
degradation. However, there are still a lot of exciting birds
to see here.
There are so many great birds to see in Khao Yai that each
birder will have his or her own highlights. However, there
are some birds that stand out above others. Few sightings
can be as memorable as that of a Hornbill, and Khao Yai is
an excellent place to see these birds. Great, Oriental Pied
and Wreathed Hornbills are abundant and easily seen, and Austen's
Brown Hornbill can sometimes be found too, although the latter
is scarce. Certainly the magnificent sight of a Great Hornbill
in flight will be a highlight of any birding trip to Thailand.
Ground-dwelling birds are well represented at Khao Yai, and
highly anticipated by bird watchers, but these species are
some of the hardest to find. Coral-billed Ground Cuckoo can
sometimes be seen at stakeouts (although far less frequently
than in the past) and both Silver and Siamese Fireback Pheasants
can be found by some lucky birders. The fabulous Blue Pitta
is regularly seen at this location, although it can be really
difficult to view, and Eared Pitta is sighted by a lucky few;
a bird seldom encountered outside of Khao Yai.
Many other amazing birds may be seen during any 2-3 day visit
to Khao Yai; Long-tailed Broadbill is straight out of a Disney
movie, Slaty-backed Forktail lurks on some of the streams,
Orange-breasted and Red-headed Trogons occur in the mid-storey
while Great Eared Nightjars are frequent at dusk and dawn
over open areas and are amazing due to their size.
Any birding trip to Khao Yai is bound to bring a number of
sightings of mammals too. Sambar deer and Muntjac are often
seen and one can hardly miss the Pig-tailed Macaques on the
road. One of the most enigmatic mammals likely to be seen
is the White-handed or Lar Gibbon which noisily sing in the
mornings. Other frequently seen mammals include Asian Elephant,
Dhole, Variable Squirrel and Malayan Sun Bear. Less frequently
seen, but present, are Gaur, Clouded Leopard and Serow. Tigers
have been photo-trapped in recent years after having been
thought to have been extinct at Khao Yai.
Bird
Watching Trips:
If you need help organizing a bird watching trip to Thailand,
take a look at the suggested itineraries for ideas on
creating a tailor-made trip and contact me for advice:
Thailand
bird tours.
Travel Information
Use the interactive map below to plan your route to
Khao Yai. The blue lines show the route from Don Muang Airport
("A red") to the Northern Entrance ("B red")
as well as from Suvarnabhumi Airport ("A" blue)
to the Southern Entrance ("B" blue).
By Car/Motorcycle
Using your own transport is the most convenient way to visit
Khao Yai as the birding spots are often long distances apart.
If driving from Bangkok, take the northbound highway and at
Saraburi turn towards Nakorn Ratchasima - please drive with
caution as this stretch of road is considered the most dangerous
in Thailand with frequent accidents, be aware of very slow
moving trucks crawling 3 abreast uphill. Shortly before Pak
Chong there are signposts for Khao Yai National Park in English.
If driving, the journey will take about 3 hours from central
Bangkok, if taking public transport then 5 hours is more realistic.
By Bus
Khao Yai is quite easy to get to by public transport. The
first step is to get to Pak Chong; any bus from Mor Chit bus
station, in Bangkok, to Nakorn Ratchasima (Khorat) will
stop in this town. Equally, any bus doing the opposite journey
stops here too. Alternatively, Pak Chong can be reached by
train from Bangkok, but this is a very slow and dusty journey.
From Pak Chong bus station a short walk to the songthaew to
Khao Yai follows. Walk from the bus station to the main road
and turn right, after c300 metres a 7/11 store can be seen
on the opposite side of the road. This is where the songtaew
waits to go to the National Park entrance, about 30 km away.
From here one must hitch-hike, which is very easily done;
sometimes the staff at the gate will ask passing motorists
to take you. If not, simply walk along the road, but do not
use your thumb to hitch-hike, instead wave your hand in a
downward, slow-down sort of motion and usually the first vehicle
with any space will stop for you.
By Taxi
Taking a taxi from the airport or from your hotel in Bangkok
is a potentially useful way of getting to Khao Yai if you
have booked the right accommodation near the park. Many of
the hotels near Khao Yai have lots of experience in helping
tourists visit the forest and can help arrange transport.
By Plane
There is a small aiport in the city of Nakorn Ratchasima but
considering that it is only around 2.5 hours from Suvarnabhumi
airport in Bangkok to Khao Yai it is hardly worth making another
flight to an airport which is at least an hour away from you
destination.
Finding Birds
Khao Yai has one of the most well-developed trail systems
of any National Park in Thailand, although many of them are
extremely neglected and hard to follow, but some of them still
get birders into good habitat. Even if birders do not have
their own transport there several trails close to park accommodation,
whether you decide to stay in a park bungalow or campsite.
Of course some species require more expertise to find than
others, but even some of the specialities here can be seen
just by covering a lot of ground.
Many people come to Khao Yai to see Coral-billed Ground
Cuckoo which has turned up at a number of stakeouts, but is
not reliable any more, however it is not uncommon and I have
often bumped into it on the trails. Another ground-dwelling
species, Siamese
Fireback Pheasant, is also a highly sought-after bird
and often appear on the roads shortly after dawn or before
dusk. I have had many close encounters with this species on
trail B where it sometimes forms parties with Silver Pheasant.
Further details of some of the best birding spots follow.
Kilometre
33 : A layby allows birders to stop here and
birding along the road a kilometre or so either side can be
rewarding. Great, Wreathed and Oriental Pied Hornbills are
often seen in this area and a number of fig trees attract
good numbers of birds when in fruit. White-crested Laughingthrush,
Banded Broadbill, Long-tailed Broadbill, Dusky Broadbill,
Green Magpie, Laced Woodpecker, Grey-headed Woodpecker, Thick-billed
Pigeon and Black-and-buff Woodpecker are all frequently seen
in this part of the forest.
A trail begins at Km 33 and needs some care to follow without
getting lost - in fact a sign now says "No entry without
permit". For the first half a kilometre it is easy enough
to follow, even though there are a number of branches to it,
but after that the habitat changes and the trail is difficult
to follow - I always turn around at this point to avoid getting
lost. This trail is good for Scaly-breasted Partridge, Red-headed
Trogon and a variety of woodpeckers and sometimes Siamese
Fireback, Blue Pitta and even Eared Pitta can be found along
here. If trees are fruiting then birding can be good along
here, at other times it can be extremely quiet. Even in the
rainy season leeches are not too rampant along here. Although
this trail goes through good forest and at times can be very
rewarding, at other times birding can be extremely difficult
with few birds and it is often busy along here with tourist
groups trekking through the forest.
Be careful when birding along the road here and when crossing
to the trail; traffic can be a problem along here and many
drivers go too fast and drive carelessly.
Wildlife Watchtower
: There is a car park at the head of the trail to this
watchtower and it can get very busy so it is advisable to
get here early. Open-country birds are easily found here with
Chestnut-headed Bee-eater usually seen along here as can Stejneger's
Stonechat, Rufescent and Grey-breasted Prinias and Bright-headed
Cisticola whilst Brown-backed Needletails often hawk for insects
over the pond. On a couple of occasions I have seen Stork-billed
Kingfisher close to this pond as well as Little Grebe. In
the forest behind the pond Great and Wreathed Hornbills can
often be seen flying from tree to tree with the Great Hornbills
deep "Gok Gok" call an atmospheric sound.
The main attraction to this pond and salt lick is to see large
mammals and indeed once, at about 7.30 am, I watched a group
of seven Dholes chase a large male Sambar into the water.
Others have seen Asian Elephant and even tiger (very rare!)
here whilst Water Monitors are a common sight.
Headquarters
: The headquarters area can get very busy at times with
people stopping for the visitor centre and restaurant but
there are some things for birders to stop for which includes
regular wintering Blue Rock Thrushes hanging around the buildings
allowing close views; both pandoo and philippensis
subspecies can be found, you might spot a few flecks of rust
colour on the breasts of first winter philippensis
birds which becomes a deep orange when they reach breeding
plumage.
Around the headquarters there are a number of trees which
produce fruit and these will attract many of the commoner
birds; the isolated trees here are a good place to spot Green-eared,
Moustached and Blue-eared Barbets.
From the rear of the restaurants a track goes towards a clearing
which can be a good place to spot some of the commoner birds
feeding on the surrounding trees and there is a trail along
the river which is worth investigating, although I have never
gone very far along it. In recent years Buffy Fish Owl has
been seen roosting in trees alongside the river.
The Boonsong Lekagul camp area can be a quiet spot and is
a good place to relax through the slow hours of the day but
a number of good birds can be seen here with Austen's Brown
Hornbill being one of the top prizes for birders. Other frequently
seen birds at this spot include Common Green Magpie, Thick-billed
Green Pigeon, Swinhoe's Minivet and Laced Woodpecker. The
spot where White-throated Rock Thrush and Mugimaki Flycatcher
used to be seen is, sadly, no longer active although Banded
Broadbill, Blue-bearded Bee-eater and Square-tailed Drongo
Cuckoo are often encountered.
The loop trail from the visitor centre here gives bird watchers
access to the forest interior but it can often be difficult
to find birds along here. However, given patience and luck
some nice ground-dwelling birds can be seen including Puff-throated
Babbler, Scaly-breasted Partridge, Siamese Fireback and even
Eared Pitta. The trail is accessed by a suspension bridge
and is paved which makes it largely leech free in the wet
season.
Trail B :
This trail starts a little uphill and opposite the Park HQ
and can be followed to the wildlife watchtower or to Wang
Jumpee car park. This is one of the most productive birding
trails and the one most frequented by birders searching for
ground dwelling birds; there are a number of damp gullies
and rocky ditches along here that harbour White-crowned Forktail,
Hill Blue Flycatcher, Blue Pitta and even Eared Pitta. Once
again there are a huge number of species that live along this
trail, although they can be a little harder to find than along
trail A. Both Orange-breasted and Red-headed Trogons are common
sights here and this is a good trail to listen out for Banded
Kingfisher. I have seen both Silver and Siamese Fireback Pheasants
along the first few kilometres of this trail in the company
of Scaly-breasted Partridge on many occasions and was lucky
enough to see one male Siamese Fireback performing a wing-beating
display for two females only a few metres away in 2004. Given
that the road to Khao Khieo is not as reliable for these species
as it once was, this is a good place to look for them.
Whilst this trail can produce some excellent birds, it is
difficult to walk along with steep sections and lots of muddy
gully crossings. Birders walking alone will see the most birds
but groups will find it impossible to be quiet enough to see
anything much. In the wet season leeches are rampant along
this trail.
Old Golf Course
and New Campsite : These areas are characterised
by open grassland and small stands of forest and is
a good place to watch for birds as they fly between trees,
with Woodpeckers (especially Rufous Woodpecker) and Barbets
being particularly in evidence here. Oriental Pied Hornbills
are very easily seen in this area; they can be heard from
some distance and approached for good views. At dawn and dusk
Nightjars hunt in these areas; I have seen Large-tailed and
Grey Nightjars on many occasions here.
Bird
Watching Trips to Khao Yai: Khao Yai is a good
place for a short trip to look for some of the colourful
resident forest birds that can be found there.
The best time to visit this location is when birds are
breeding (late February to June) and a visit there works
well as an excursion from Bangkok or part of a longer
birding tour of Thailand.
Contact me to arrange a birding trip and/or to discuss
the best bird watching options for you: nickupton@thaibirding.com
Mo Sing To (Sai
Sorn) Reservoir : Red-wattled Lapwing and Red
Junglefowl can often be seen feeding on the far side of this
small reservoir and the occasional migrating wader finds itself
here; I've found Pintail Snipe on a couple of occasions. Plenty
of open country birds can be seen around here and in the evening
hornbills can be seen in the distance from here as they come
to roost. The trail that runs uphill as a continuation of
the track across the small dam is a well-known hotspot for
Eared Pitta, but please be as unobtrusive as possible here
as the area is frequently used as an ornithological study
area. Plain-backed Sparrows seem to nest in the checkpoint
barrier close to the reservoir and in the dry season Blue
Rock Thrush and Eastern Stonechat frequent the rocks.
TAT Pond
: This sizeable pond is quite a good place to sit under
a shady tree in the midday heat and watch birds come down
to drink; mammals such as Barking Deer are often around here
also. This spot has been reliable for Needletail Swifts for
a long time now and all three Thai species have been seen
here over the last few years. Brown-backed Needletail is the
most common and likely to be seen, but Silver-backed is fairly
regular with White-throated being the most uncommon. The open
country around this pond is home to Plain-backed Sparrows
(a species that no guide book seems to do justice to), Paddyfield
Pipit and Golden-headed Cisticola whilst in the patches of
forest it is easy to get good views of Oriental Pied Hornbill.
At dusk Great Eared Nightjars are regular here and Large-tailed
Nightjar can also be found. Over the years I have also seen
Brown Boobook and Spot-bellied Eagle Owl here. During the
breeding season Stork-billed Kingfisher sometimes shows up.
Trail C
: This trail is easily followed from behind the old TAT
restaurant but goes through thorny secondary growth for around
1 kilometre before descending into a moist valley. Crossing
a stream is a bit of a challenge but for those who are adventurous
some good birds can probably be found along here; I know that
many years ago Malayan Night Heron was seen along here and
I have heard Coral-billed Ground Cuckoo, so it might be worth
taking a look if you have the time.
Pa Gluay Mai Campsite
: Many birders simply sit in this campsite and wait for
the birds to come to them and many interesting species can
be seen in this way. Fruiting trees around the campsite can
be particularly productive with Blue-eared, Moustached and
Green-eared Barbets very numerous and birds such as Scarlet
Minivet, Asian Fairy Bluebird, Thick-billed Green Pigeon and
Green Magpie are frequent. Unfortunately, the large fruiting
tree that used to grace the centre of the campsite and attract
large numbers of birds has been felled by the park staff!
A well-known stakeout behind one of the toilets has been
visited by some of the stars of Khao Yai, Coral-billed Ground
Cuckoo and Blue Pitta, in the past but I am not aware of any
sightings for several years now, mostly because the Thai photography
fraternity have got tired of these species and do not bait
it any more. However, it may still be worth checking out for
species that include Orange-headed Thrush, Siberian Blue Robin,
Hainan Blue Flycatcher, Puff-throated Babbler and White-rumped
Shama in the dry season. For this spot to be productive it
has to be very dry underfoot, as soon as there is any rain
and the soil is damp the birds disperse. Access to the area
may be possible from behind the toilets or along the short
trail shown on the map.
Small trees around the campsite are perhaps the easiest place
to see small birds such as Yellow-vented Flowerpecker, Cambodian
(Fire-breasted) Flowerpecker, Little Spiderhunter, Yellow-browed
Warbler and others while the understorey of the surrounding
forest is one of the easiest places to get a good look at
Pale-legged Leaf Warbler.
Some number of Oriental Pied Hornbills usually come in to
roost in the evening and listen out for the call of Great
Eared Nightjar (Pit Pee-weeoow) just before dark which can
be seen as it hawks over the forest - walk up and down the
road a bit to find the best vantage point over the forest.
While Pa Gluay Mai campsite is a good spot to see a wide range
of species it is always ridiculously crowded at public holidays
and most weekends through the dry season, making bird watching
very difficult.
Walking uphill from the campsite, along the road to Haew Suwat
waterfall one passes through some nice forest and there is
some good birding to be found where both Orange-breasted and
Red-headed Trogons are frequent and several species of Broadbill
can be found. At points the road is steep but this affords
good views over the forest and sightings of Great Hornbill,
Hill Myna and Blue-bearded Bee-eater on the tree tops can
often be made; this is also a good location to look for Golden-crested
Myna. There is a gate across the road at the top end of the
campsite which is closed at 5pm so if you want to be along
the road after this you must walk in and out - be very wary
of elephants!
Trail A
: Starting at Pa Gluay Mai campsite and ending at Haew
Suwat waterfall this 4 Km trail goes through some of Khao
Yai's most picturesque forest although the trail itself is
a little difficult to walk along if you are not in good shape.
Throughout the length of the river along this trail Slaty-backed
Forktail is likely to be encountered as are many other species.
Abbott's Babbler and Radde's Warbler are common residents
of the lower shrub layer, Lesser Necklaced, White-crested
and Black-throated Laughingthrushes are regular in the mid-storey
and this river valley is an excellent place to see all four
species of Hornbill in the canopy. I have come across Coral-billed
Ground Cuckoo along this trail many times. Put quite simply,
the number and variety of species one can see along this trail
makes it worth including on any visit. Additionally, some
excellent views over the forest can be had from the top of
the waterfall about halfway along this trail.
It's also worth watching out for Gibbons, Water Monitors,
Otters and 2 introduced hybrid crocodiles along the river
here.
Khao Khieo Access
Road : This has been a favourite spot over
the years to find Pheasants in the morning but with increased
traffic in the park this becomes ever more difficult. I have
quite often seen both Silver and Siamese Fireback Pheasants
elsewhere on trails but the area towards the top of the road
certainly contains some higher altitude species not found
in other parts of Khao Yai, such as White-browed Babbler and
a few others although they are scarce and more easily found
in the north.
There are some good patches of forest with mature trees along
the first few kilometres of this road and it can be a good
place to find some nice birds such as Blue Pitta, Laced Woodpecker
among flocks of White-crested Laughingthrushes, Orange-breasted
Trogon, Greater Flameback and Large Scimitar-babbler. Many
of Khao Yai's attractive resident forest species can be found
along here.
Further along the road an area of open grassland is a good
place to catch up with a few open country birds including
Lesser Coucal and Golden-headed Cisticola. During the warmer
hours of the day the wide field of view here makes it a good
place to watch for raptors; I have seen Jerdon's Baza here
as well as Black Eagle, Mountain Hawk Eagle and migrating
Chinese Sparrowhawks.
Further along the road begins to climb uphill and it is on
these inclines that Silver Pheasant is sometimes encountered.
While it is never a common bird, Austen's Brown Hornbill sometimes
forms flocks in this area and fruiting trees are a good place
to look for it. On these sloped areas several pairs of Blue
Pitta can often be heard calling but the nature of the terrain
makes it really hard to see them.
Birding Outside the National Park
Just outside the northern gate of Khao Yai national park
there are a few spots of interest to birders and other wildlife
enthusiasts.
Juldis Resort and Spa (Hotel
now closed): The gardens of the Juldis Resort and Spa
contain a number of commoner species that can be found quite
easily and birders are usually welcome to walk around even
if not staying at the hotel. Just go to reception and tell
them that you want to look at birds and they will wave you
through. Lineated Barbet, Coppersmith Barbet and Red-breasted
Parakeet are easily seen here and species such as Indian Roller,
Greater Racket-tailed Drongo and White-throated Kingfisher
are usually present. When the trees in the grounds are fruiting
and flowering they attract a large numbers of birds including
Chestnut-tailed Starling. At night Brown Hawk Owl and Collared
Scops Owl can be found.
Moo Si Local Government Compound
: This small government building has lots of tall trees
in the grounds and is a very easy place to see Red-breasted
Parakeet. Lineated and Coppersmith Barbets can usually be
seen too as can Black-collared Starling, Plain-backed Sparrow
and, sometimes, Thick-billed Flowerpecker. No one seems to
mind visitors parking here and watching the birds, in fact
I have been here so frequently that you will probably hardly
even get a glance. In 2024 Spot-bellied Eagle Owl became an
attraction here.
Bat Cave : A little before
dusk a stream of (apparently) over 1 million bats emerges
from a cave high up on the rock face. A few raptors, usually
Shikras, easily take some bats as they emerge. I have also
seen Mountain Hawk Eagle, White-crested Laughingthrush, Asian
Barred Owlet, Bright-headed Cisticola and a number of other
species in this vicinity too. There is a sign along the dirt
road which indicates where to stop to observe the bat cave.
Facilities
Khao Yai is a very well-visited National Park (many would
say over-visited) and the amount and range of accommodation
reflects this, in fact development outside the park gate is
uncontrolled and is beginning to resemble a resort city. A
number of backpackers stay in a hostel in Pak Chong which
arranges trips into Khao Yai, but this is not a good way to
see many birds. Many people with their own transport prefer
to stay in one of the numerous resorts which line the road
from Pak Chong to Khao Yai National Park. Many of these are
more expensive than accommodation inside the park, but are
certainly more comfortable, although staying here means driving
into the National Park every morning, paying the entry fee
every day. The Balios
Resort Khao Yai (formerly called Juldis) seems to
be fairly popular with birders and has the added bonus of
being the home to a flock of Red-breasted Parakeets and other
common forest birds. The Duangporn Resort is also a pleasant
place to stay at very reasonable prices - unfortunately their
sign is only in Thai.
With poor quality food and accommodation inside the park,
and overcrowding of the campsites at weekends, I usually opt
for the comfort of accommodation just outside the park.
There
are quite a number of bungalows for rent in the national park,
most of which cater for huge parties, but there are a few
for 2 people at 800 baht per night. I won't list them all
here as there are too many and few birders choose to stay
in them anyway as they are quite basic. In the past it was
possible to stay in some dormitories, but the last time I
visited these were closed to most visitors. The situation
here changes frequently, so it is worth asking if this option
is available in the visitor centre.
Many bird watchers stay at Pa Gluay Mai campsite which is
an excellent location to see birds as well as being at the
head of one of the best birding trails. Here, tents and bedding
can be hired or you can erect your own tent for a small fee.
Laem Ta Kong Campsite has the same facilities and is bigger
than Pa Gluay Mai; it is also easy to walk to the old HQ area
from here (3-4 Kms).
Both campsites have restaurants which are open to whatever
time the staff decide to go home, so ask for opening times.
The staff at Pa Gluai Mai sometimes seem to find cooking anything
much a real inconvenience and have, on occasions, been quite
rude to me. In addition, Pa Gluay Mai campsite has a shop
which sells snacks and drinks.
There are decent food stalls at both Haew Narok and Haew Suwat
waterfalls, but the former doesn't cook food on days when
there are few visitors (midweek, rainy season, whenever they
cannot be bothered).
At the old HQ area there is a large restaurant which overlooks
the stream and is open later than most of the restaurants
in the park. Most of the food here is pre cooked and quite
some of the poorest food available in Thailand. However, there
is now another, small restaurant next to the large building
where the staff are helpful and cook a variety of simple dishes
to order. There is also a coffee shop here and a drinks shop
which also sells snacks and ice creams.
The new visitor centre has a souvenir shop and also sells
coffee and snacks.
Alcohol isn't for sale in the National Park, but can be brought
in, a situation which seems to constantly change.
Outside of the park any of the resorts can be visited for
food, and a number of restaurants and small stores exist.
There are a few places along the Khao Yai-Pak Chong Road which
serve steaks and other Western food for those that have tired
of rice and noodles. There is a fuel station and 7-11 convenience
store about 13 kilometres from the park gate.
Park entrance fee for foreigners is currently at 400
baht - the fee must be paid on every day of entry,
but only once if staying inside the park; dont expect the
staff at the entrance gate to have their minds changed on
this issue for any reason.
Some Useful Books
Field
Guide to the Mammals of Southeast Asia This is the most complete guide to the mammals of
the region, including all of the small mammals that
are not included in some other guides. With Khao Yai
being one of the best locations in Thailand for mammal-watchers
this is the key book to have.
Birds
of Thailand This field guide has set new standards in identifying
birds in the wild in Thailand. With the most up-to-date
taxonomy of any publication this is the book you need
if you are birdwatching in Thailand. Forget all of the
older guides and buy this one.
Bird
Watching Trips:
Khao Yai is still one of Thailand's premier birdwatching
locations and is a great addition to any Thailand birdwatching
itinerary with a number of species that can be found here
more often than anywhere else; a two to three day stay
here between the months of February and July can frequently
produce the best species.